Silencers

Function

A distinction is made between the following silencers depending on their position in the exhaust system:

• Front silencer
• Centre silencer 
• End silencer
• Rear silencer

As catalytic converters and particulate filters already dampen a good deal of the noise, the use of front silencers is becoming less and less common with diesel engines.

The design of the silencers is influenced by the following factors:

• Engine type and design
• Engine capacity
• Number of cylinders and engine speed range
• Space available

Absorption and reflection of sound

There are two ways of reducing or preventing the propagation of sound:

Sound insulation or absorption

With absorption, sound waves are converted into heat by friction in a sound absorption material. These are usually porous materials in the form of fibreglass, which does not represent a health hazard.

Sound dampening or reflection With sound dampening, reflective barriers are arranged so as to prevent the propagation of sound. Such barriers can take the form of changes in cross-section or pipe baffles which reflect the sound. Variations on this type of sound dampening are interference and restriction systems. With interference dampening, the flow of exhaust gas is split up and routed into pipes of different lengths. This means that the sound waves have to cover different distances. When they meet up againthey collide and cancel one another out. With a restriction system, perforations and pipe constrictions ensure that the flow of exhaust gas is broken up and thus dampened. Most modern silencers employ a combination of different dampening mechanisms - either in the form of separate silencers (centre and end silencers) or a single combined silencer.

Signs of a deteriorating or defective oxygen sensor include noticeably increased fuel consumption, rough engine operation, poor emissions values, or an illuminated check engine light. Since a reliable diagnosis requires reading the fault memory and using specific measurement methods, it should be carried out in an independent, qualified automotive workshop. 
When replacing the sensor, the use of branded replacement parts is crucial: the oxygen sensor must be precisely matched to the engine control unit’s mapping. Products without manufacturer approval can lead to inaccurate measurement values and, as a result, cause consequential damage to the catalytic converter.